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Can AI Chatbots Reproduce News Articles? The EU’s First Generative AI Case

When you ask Google Gemini to summarise a news article, who owns the resulting answer? On 3 November 2026, Advocate General Maciej Szpunar delivered his Opinion in the first generative AI case to reach the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). At its centre is a dispute over whether AI-generated responses can infringe the rights of press publishers. The Opinion could influence how AI companies use journalistic content across Europe.

Can AI Chatbots Reproduce News Articles? The EU’s First Generative AI Case

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Read these first.

Three essays that lay the groundwork – the technology, the regulation and the data behind it.

01

What Is Artificial Intelligence?

Artificial intelligence is everywhere. It recommends what we watch, helps doctors analyse medical images and can draft entire documents in seconds. Yet despite its growing presence in everyday life, the concept itself remains surprisingly difficult to define. What exactly makes a computer system intelligent, and how does it differ from the software we have used for decades?

02

Machine Learning Explained: How Do Machines Learn from Data?

How does an email programme recognise spam it has never seen before? How does Netflix predict what you might want to watch next? Behind many of these everyday technologies lies machine learning, one of the most important branches of artificial intelligence. But what does it actually mean for a machine to learn, and how does that process work?

03

What Are Large Language Models?

Ask ChatGPT to explain a legal concept, translate a document or draft an email, and it will produce an answer within seconds. The response often sounds remarkably human, sometimes even convincing enough to make us forget that we are interacting with software. Behind this technology are Large Language Models, or LLMs. But how can a computer generate such sophisticated language, and does it actually understand what it is saying?